James Cook was born in the Yorkshire town of East Marton in 1728. Although his father was a farm laborer who hadn’t traveled far from his native Scotland, James’s life took a radically different path. When Cook was eight years old, he attended a local charity school where he got a good foundation in mathematics. By the time he was 17, Cook was on his own and began an apprenticeship at a coal shipping company transporting coal by sea between Newcastle and London in a four-week round trip.

British land surveying traces its roots back more than a thousand years to a king in desperate need of funds to pay for defending the empire against Viking invasion. In 1086, William the Conqueror commissioned a survey of the entire country to assess the extent of the land and resources in England at the time, so that he could tax them properly. The information collected over a years’ time was recorded by hand in two huge books – the Domesday books.